Integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with fermentation processes

Patent metadata

Field	Value
Publication number	US-9520607-B2
Application number	US-201414207721-A
Country	US
Kind code	B2
Filing date	Mar 13, 2014
Priority date	Mar 15, 2013
Publication date	Dec 13, 2016
Grant date	Dec 13, 2016

Abstract

In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for operating a molten carbonate fuel cell assembly at increased power density. This can be accomplished in part by performing an effective amount of an endothermic reaction within the fuel cell stack in an integrated manner. This can allow for increased power density while still maintaining a desired temperature differential within the fuel cell assembly.

First claim

What is claimed is:

1. A method for producing a fermented product, the method comprising:
introducing a fuel stream comprising a reformable fuel into an anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell, an internal reforming element associated with the anode, or a combination thereof so as to provide a reformable fuel surplus ratio of at least 2.0 at an anode fuel utilization of about 50% or less;
introducing a cathode inlet stream comprising CO 2 and O 2 into a cathode of the fuel cell;
generating electricity within the molten carbonate fuel cell;
separating from the anode exhaust an H 2 -containing stream, a syngas-containing stream, or a combination thereof;
processing biomass to produce at least one fermentation product and a fermentation exhaust; and
distilling the at least one fermentation product, at least some heat for distillation being provided by heat exchange with the anode exhaust, combustion of the syngas-containing stream, combustion of the H 2 -containing stream, electric heating using the electricity generated within the molten carbonate fuel cell, or a combination thereof,
wherein the method further comprises one or more of the following:
a) the cathode inlet stream comprises at least a portion of the fermentation exhaust;
b) the processing step is done in the presence of H 2 O separated from the anode exhaust, H 2 O separated from the syngas-containing stream, H 2 O separated from the H 2 -containing stream, or a combination thereof;
c) the reformable fuel comprises a portion of the fermentation product, the reformable fuel optionally containing at least 50 vol % of the fermentation product, the portion of the fermentation product optionally being a distilled portion of the fermentation product having a water to carbon ratio of about 1.5:1 to about 3.0:1;
d) the processing step comprises separating a substantially fermentable biomass portion from a substantially non-fermentable biomass portion, the substantially non-fermentable biomass portion being processed in one or more thermal, chemical, and/or thermochemical processes in the presence of at least a portion of the H 2 -containing gas stream, at least a portion of the syngas-containing stream, or a combination thereof;
e) an amount of the reformable fuel introduced into the anode of the molten carbonate fuel cell, the internal reforming element associated with the anode of the molten carbonate fuel cell, or the combination thereof, provides a reformable fuel surplus ratio of at least about 2.5;
f) a reformable hydrogen content of reformable fuel introduced into the anode of the molten carbonate fuel cell, the internal reforming element associated with the anode of the molten carbonate fuel cell, or the combination thereof, is at least about 50% greater than an amount of hydrogen oxidized to generate electricity;
g) an electrical efficiency for the molten carbonate fuel cell is between about 10% and about 40%, and a total fuel cell efficiency for the fuel cell is at least about 55%;
h) the molten carbonate fuel cell is operated at a thermal ratio of about 0.25 to about 1.5;
i) a ratio of net moles of syngas in the anode exhaust to moles of CO 2 in a cathode exhaust is at least about 2.0, and optionally about 40.0 or less;
j) a CO 2 utilization in the cathode is at least about 60%;
k) the molten carbonate fuel cell is operated at a first operating condition to generate electrical power and at least 100 mW/cm 2 of waste heat, the first operating condition providing a current density of at least about 150 mA/cm 2 , and an effective amount of an endothermic reaction is performed to maintain a temperature differential between the anode inlet and an anode outlet of about 80° C. or less;
l) the molten carbonate fuel cell is operated at a voltage V A of about 0.60 Volts to about 0.67 Volts;
m) the cathode inlet stream comprises at least a portion of a combustion turbine exhaust, at least a portion of the anode exhaust being recycled into the anode;
n) the cathode inlet stream comprises at least a portion of a combustion turbine exhaust, at least a portion of the anode exhaust being used as an anode recycle fuel for a combustion zone of the combustion turbine, an optional second fuel stream for the combustion zone of the combustion turbine optionally comprising at least about 30 vol % CO 2 and/or at least about 35 vol % of a combination of CO 2 and inerts;
o) the cathode inlet stream comprises at least a portion of a combustion turbine exhaust, at least a first portion of the anode exhaust being used as an anode recycle fuel for a combustion zone of the combustion turbine, and at least a second portion of the anode exhaust being recycled into the anode of the molten carbonate fuel cell;
p) the cathode inlet stream comprises at least a portion of a combustion turbine exhaust, the cathode inlet stream comprising at least about 20 vppm of NOx, and a cathode exhaust comprising less than about half of the NOx content of the cathode inlet stream;
q) the method further comprises combusting at least a portion of the H 2 -containing gas stream to produce electricity, the combusting optionally being done in a combustion zone of a second turbine, and the cathode inlet stream optionally comprising at least a portion of a combustion turbine exhaust generated by combustion of a carbon-containing fuel;
r) the method further comprises reacting at least a portion of the syngas-containing stream in the presence of a methanol synthesis catalyst under effective conditions for forming methanol to produce at least one methanol-containing stream and one or more streams comprising gaseous or liquid products, and optionally recycling at least a portion of the one or more streams comprising gaseous or liquid products to form at least a portion of the cathode inlet stream;
s) the method further comprises optionally sending one or more CO 2 -containing streams derived from one or more first refinery processes to the cathode inlet, separating CO 2 from at least a portion of the anode exhaust to form a CO 2 -rich gas stream having a CO 2 content greater than a CO 2 content of the anode exhaust, and a CO 2 -depleted gas stream having a CO 2 content less than the CO 2 content of the anode exhaust, and delivering the CO 2 -depleted gas stream to one or more second refinery processes;
t) the method further comprises separating CO 2 from at least a portion of the anode exhaust to produce a CO 2 -rich stream having a CO 2 content greater than a CO 2 content of the anode exhaust and a CO 2 -depleted gas stream having an H 2 content greater than an H 2 content of the anode exhaust, and using at least a portion of the CO 2 -depleted gas stream in an ammonia synthesis process, in a process for synthesis of an organic nitrogen-containing compound, or in both;
u) the method further comprises withdrawing, from an anode exhaust, a first gas stream comprising CO, the anode exhaust having a pressure of about 500 kPag or less, introducing the first gas stream withdrawn from the anode exhaust into a process for production of iron and/or steel, and optionally withdrawing a second gas stream comprising H 2 from the anode exhaust and, if withdrawn, using the second gas stream as fuel for heating in the process for production of iron and/or steel;
v) the method further comprises generating an anode exhaust comprising H 2 , CO, H 2 O, and at least about 20 vol % CO 2 , reacting at least a portion of the anode exhaust under effective Fischer-Tropsch conditions in the presence of a shifting Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to produce at least one gaseous product and at least one non-gaseous product, wherein a CO 2 concentration in the at least a portion of the anode exhaust is at least 80% of a CO 2 concentration in the anode exhaust, and recycling at least a portion of the at least one gaseous product to the cathode inlet;
w) the method further comprises generating

Assignees

• Berlowitz Paul J
• Barckholtz Timothy Andrew
• Lee Anita S
• Exxonmobil Res & Eng Co

Inventors

• Berlowitz Paul J
• Barckholtz Timothy Andrew
• Lee Anita S

Classifications

• Y02E20/14

  Combined heat and power generation [CHP] · CPC title

• C01B2203/066

  with fuel cells · CPC title

• C01B2203/0495

  the impurity being water · CPC title

• H01M8/04097

  with recycling of the reactants (H01M8/04119, H01M8/04104 take precedence) · CPC title

• C01B2203/84

  Energy production · CPC title