High energy lithium battery with separate anolyte and catholyte layers

Patent metadata

Field	Value
Publication number	US-9923231-B2
Application number	US-201013390505-A
Country	US
Kind code	B2
Filing date	Aug 13, 2010
Priority date	Aug 14, 2009
Publication date	Mar 20, 2018
Grant date	Mar 20, 2018

Abstract

An optimal architecture for a polymer electrolyte battery, wherein one or more layers of electrolyte (e.g., solid block-copolymer) are situated between two electrodes, is disclosed. An anolyte layer, adjacent the anode, is chosen to be chemically and electrochemically stable against the anode active material. A catholyte layer, adjacent the cathode, is chosen to be chemically and electrochemically stable against the cathode active material.

First claim

We claim:

1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a non-porous negative electrode;
a positive electrode having a porosity of 15% or less; and
two electrolyte layers between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, the two electrolyte layers comprising:
a solid anolyte layer adjacent the negative electrode, the solid anolyte layer comprising a first block copolymer electrolyte; and
a solid catholyte layer between the positive electrode and the anolyte layer;
wherein the two electrolyte layers are different.

2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anolyte layer and/or the catholyte layer comprises no gel.

3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the non-porous negative electrode is a metal film selected from the group consisting of lithium and lithium alloys comprising one or more of Al, Mg, Ag, Sn, Sb, and Pb.

4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 where the negative electrode is a composite layer of negative electrode active particles, optional electronic conductive additive, and optional binder.

5. The electrochemical cell of claim 4 wherein the negative electrode further comprises a solid polymer electrolyte.

6. The electrochemical cell of claim 4 wherein the negative electrode further comprises a ceramic electrolyte.

7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the positive electrode is a composite layer of positive electrode active particles, optional electronic conductive additive, and optional binder.

8. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 wherein the positive electrode further comprises a solid polymer electrolyte.

9. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 wherein the positive electrode further comprises a ceramic electrolyte.

10. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 wherein the positive electrode active particles are selected from the group consisting of nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), nickel cobalt manganese (NCM), LiCoO 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , and LiMn 2 O 4 particles, and any combination thereof.

11. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 where the positive electrode active particles further comprise a ceramic electrolyte coating.

12. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 where the positive electrode active particles further comprise an electronically conductive coating or surface.

13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode further comprise a current collector in electronic communication with the electrode.

14. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anolyte layer comprises two sub-layers: a ceramic electrolyte layer and a solid polymer electrolyte layer.

15. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 wherein the ceramic electrolyte layer is adjacent the negative electrode and the solid polymer electrolyte layer is adjacent the ceramic electrolyte layer.

16. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anolyte layer further comprises ceramic electrolyte particles.

17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the catholyte layer comprises a ceramic electrolyte.

18. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 wherein the ceramic electrolyte comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of oxide glasses, oxynitride glasses, sulfide glasses, oxysulfide glasses, lithium nitride glasses, halide-doped glasses, LLTO, Perovskite-type ceramic electrolytes, and Lisicon-type phosphates.

19. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 wherein the catholyte layer comprises two sub-layers: a ceramic electrolyte layer and a solid polymer electrolyte layer.

20. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 wherein the ceramic electrolyte layer is adjacent the positive electrode and the solid polymer electrolyte layer is adjacent the ceramic electrolyte layer.

21. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 wherein the ceramic electrolyte is in the form of a flexible ceramic tape.

22. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 wherein the ceramic electrolyte is in the form of particles and the catholyte layer further comprises a solid polymer electrolyte into which the ceramic electrolyte particles are distributed.

23. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the catholyte layer comprises a second block copolymer electrolyte.

24. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the first block copolymer is either a diblock copolymer or a triblock copolymer.

25. The electrochemical cell of claim 24 wherein the first block copolymer further comprising at least one lithium salt.

26. The electrochemical cell of claim 24 wherein a first block of the first block copolymer is ionically conductive and is selected from the group consisting of polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, alkyl carbonates, polynitriles, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, polyolefins, polydienes, and combinations thereof.

27. The electrochemical cell of claim 24 wherein a first block of the first block copolymer comprises an ionically-conductive comb polymer, comprising a backbone and pendant groups.

28. The electrochemical cell of claim 27 wherein the backbone is selected from the group consisting of polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, polyethers, polydienes, polyolefins, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, and combinations thereof.

29. The electrochemical cell of claim 27 wherein the pendant groups are selected from the group consisting of oligoethers, substituted oligoethers, nitrile groups, sulfones, thiols, polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, alkyl carbonates, polynitriles, other polar groups, and combinations thereof.

30. The electrochemical cell of claim 24 wherein a second block of the first block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of PXE, polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PXE), polyolefins, poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), polyethylene, fluorocarbons, polyvinylidene fluoride, and copolymers that contain styrene, methacrylate, and/or vinylpyridine.

31. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the anolyte layer is reductively stable against the negative electrode down to about 0.2V vs Li/Li + .

32. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the catholyte layer is oxidatively stable against the positive electrode up to about 4.5V vs Li/Li + .

33. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the catholyte layer is oxidatively stable against the positive electrode up to about 5.5V vs Li/Li + .

34. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 wherein the catholyte layer is oxidatively stable against the positive electrode up to about 6.7V vs Li/Li + .

35. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a non-porous negative electrode;
a positive electrode composite layer having a porosity of 15% or less, the positive electrode comprising positive electrode active particles that have a ceramic electrolyte coating, optional electronic conductive additive, and optional binder;
two electrolyte layers between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, the two electrolyte layers comprising:
a solid anolyte layer adjacent the negative electrode, the solid anolyte layer comprising a block copolymer electrol

Assignees

• Geier Michael
• Gur Ilan
• Singh Mohit
• Hudson William
• Seeo Inc

Inventors

• Geier Michael
• Gur Ilan
• Singh Mohit
• Hudson William

Classifications

• H01M4/40

  Alloys based on alkali metals · CPC title

• H01M4/525

  of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy · CPC title

• H01M2300/0094

  in the form of layered products, e.g. coatings · CPC title

• H01M10/052

  Li-accumulators · CPC title

• H01M2300/0082

  Organic polymers · CPC title