Mixed three-dimensional and two-dimensional perovskites and methods of making the same

Patent metadata

Field	Value
Publication number	US-2020090876-A1
Application number	US-201916571344-A
Country	US
Kind code	A1
Filing date	Sep 16, 2019
Priority date	Sep 14, 2018
Publication date	Mar 19, 2020
Grant date	—

Abstract

An aspect of the present disclosure is a perovskite that includes A (n−1−nw+w) A′ (wn−w) A″ 2 B n X (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) X′ (3zn−3z) X″ 4e , where each of A, A′, A″ are monovalent cations, B is a divalent cation, each of X, X′, and X″ are monovalent anions, 0<w≤1, 0<z≤1, 0<e≤1, and 1≤n≤100000.

First claim

What is claimed is:

1 . A perovskite comprising:
A (n−1−nw+w) A′ (wn−w) A″ 2 B n X (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) X′ (3zn−3z) X″ 4e , wherein: each of A, A′, A″ are monovalent cations, B is a divalent cation, each of X, X′, and X″ are monovalent anions, 0<w≤1, 0<z≤1, 0<e≤1, and 1≤n≤100000.

2 . The perovskite of claim 1 , wherein A″ comprises at least one of phenylethyl ammonium (PEA), guanidinium (Gua), butylammonium, cyclopropylammonium, polyethylenimine, iodoethylammonium, ethane-1,2-diammonium, or ammoniumvaleric acid.

3 . The perovskite of claim 1 , wherein X″ comprises a pseudohalide.

4 . The perovskite of claim 1 , wherein X″ comprises at least one of thiocyanate (SCN), cyanate, isothiocyanate, azide, selenocyanogen, tellurorhodanide, tetracarbonylcobaltate, or AL 13 I 2 .

5 . The perovskite of claim 1 , comprising FA (n−1−nw+w) MA (wn−w) PEA 2 Pb n I (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) Br (3zn−3z) SCN 4e .

6 . The perovskite of claim 1 comprising FA (n−1−nw+w) MA (wn−w) Gua 2 Pb n I (3n−4e+1) SCN 4e and z=0.

7 . The perovskite of claim 6 , further comprising bromine, resulting in
FA (n−1−nw+w) MA (wn−w) GUa 2 Pb n I (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) Br (3zn−3z) SCN 4e .

8 . The perovskite of claim 1 , further comprising A′″, wherein:
A′″ is a monovalent cation,
resulting in A (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) A′ (wn−w) A″ 2 A′″ (xn−x) B n X (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) X (3zn−3z) X″ 4e , and 0<x≤1.

9 . The perovskite of claim 8 , comprising:
FA (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) MA (wn−w) PEA 2 Cs (xn−x) Pb n I (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1 )Br (3zn−3z) SCN 4e .

10 . The perovskite of claim 8 , comprising FA (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) MA (wn−w) Gua 2 Cs (xn−x) Pb n I (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1 )Br (3zn−3z) SCN 4e .

11 . The perovskite of claim 8 , further comprising B′, wherein:
B′ is a monovalent anion,
resulting in A (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) A′ (wn−w) A″ 2 A′″ (xn−x) B (n−ny+y) B(ny−y)X (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1 )X′ (3zn−3z) X″ 4e , and 0<y≤1.

12 . The perovskite of claim 11 , comprising:
FA (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) MA (wn−w) PEA 2 Cs (xn−x) Pb (n−ny+y) B (ny−y) Sn (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) I (3zn−3z) SCN 4e .

13 . The perovskite of claim 11 , comprising:
FA (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) MA (wn−w) Gua 2 Cs (xn−x) Pb (n−ny+y) B (ny−y) Sn (3n−3 zn+3z−4e+1) I (3zn−3z) SCN 4e .

14 . The perovskite of claim 1 , further comprising:
a plurality of grains separated from neighboring grains by a plurality of grain boundaries, wherein: the plurality of grains consist essentially of a first portion of the perovskite, and the plurality of grain boundaries consist essentially of a second portion of the perovskite.

15 . The perovskite of claim 14 , wherein the first portion is substantially in a 3D perovskite structure.

16 . The perovskite of claim 14 , wherein the second portion is substantially in a 2D perovskite structure.

17 . The perovskite of claim 14 , wherein each grain has a characteristic length between 300 nm to 10 μm.

18 . A method comprising:
completing a first reaction,
(1− w )(AX+BX 2 )+ w (A′X′+BX′ 2 ) A 1−w A′ w B(X 1−w X′ w ) 3 ; and

completing a second reaction,
2A″X″+(1− e )BX 2 +e BX″ A″ 2 B(X 2−2e X″ 2+2e , wherein:

the first reaction and the second reaction result in the forming of a perovskite comprising [A 1−w A′ w B(X 1−w X′ w ) 3 ] n−1 [A″ 2 B(X 2−2e X″ 2+20] , each of A, A′, and A″ are monovalent cations, B is a divalent cation, each of X, X′, and X″ are monovalent anions, 0<w≤1, 0<e≤1, and 1≤n≤100000.

19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein A″ comprises at least one of phenylethyl ammonium (PEA), guanidinium (Gua), butylammonium, cyclopropylammonium, polyethylenimine, iodoethylammonium, ethane-1,2-diammonium, or ammoniumvaleric acid.

20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein X″ comprises a pseudohalide.

Assignees

• Alliance Sustainable Energy

Inventors

• Zhu Kai
• Kim Donghoe

Classifications

• C07F7/24 Primary

  Lead compounds · CPC title

• C07F1/00

  Compounds containing elements of Groups 1 or 11 of the Periodic Table · CPC title

• H01G9/0036

  Formation of the solid electrolyte layer · CPC title

• H01G9/2072

  comprising two or more photoelectrodes sensible to different parts of the solar spectrum, e.g. tandem cells · CPC title

• H01L51/4253

  Electricity · mapped topic