Electrochemical systems comprising mxenes and max phase compositions and methods of using the same

Patent metadata

Field	Value
Publication number	US-2018309125-A1
Application number	US-201815958888-A
Country	US
Kind code	A1
Filing date	Apr 20, 2018
Priority date	Apr 20, 2017
Publication date	Oct 25, 2018
Grant date	—

Abstract

Disclosed herein are electrochemical cells comprising electrodes prepared from layered materials comprising a substantially two-dimensional ordered array of cells having an empirical formula of M n+1 X n , where M comprises a transition metal selected from the group consisting of a Group IIIB metal, a Group IVB metal, a Group VB metal, a Group VIB metal, and any combination thereof, X is C x N y wherein x+y=n, and n is equal to 1, 2, or 3. Also disclosed herein are batteries comprising the electrochemical cells and methods for electrochemically preparing MXene compositions with the use of the electrochemical cells.

First claim

We claim:

1 . An electrochemical cell comprising:
(a) an electrode comprising a layered material having a plurality of layers, each of the layers comprising a substantially two-dimensional ordered array of cells having an empirical formula of M n+1 X n ,
wherein M comprises a transition metal selected from the group consisting of a Group IIIB metal, a Group IVB metal, a Group VB metal, a Group VIB metal, and any combination thereof
wherein X is C x N y wherein x+y=n, and
wherein n is equal to 1, 2, or 3
and (b) an electrolyte.

2 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 ,
wherein the electrode is a working electrode and the electrochemical cell further comprises a counter electrode and/or a reference electrode, and wherein the layered material comprises a MAX phase composition having an empirical formula of M n+1 AX n , wherein A comprises an A-group element selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, As, Cd, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, and any combination thereof.

3 . The electrochemical cell of claim 2 , wherein the A-group element comprises Al.

4 . The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the MAX phase composition comprises a composition having an empirical formula selected from the group consisting of Ti 2 AlC, V 2 AlC, Cr 2 AlC, Nb 2 AlC, Ta 2 AlC, Ti 3 AlC 2 , V 3 AlC 2 , Ta 3 AlC 2 , Ti 4 AlC 3 , V 4 AlC 3 , Nb 4 AlC 3 , Ta 4 AlC 3 , Mo 2 TiAlC 2 , Cr 2 TiAlC 2 , Mo 2 Ti 2 AlC 3 , and any combination thereof.

5 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 ,
wherein the electrode is a cathode and the electrochemical cell further comprises an anode, and wherein the electrode material comprises a MXene composition having an empirical formula of M n+1 X n .

6 . The electochecmical cell of claim 5 , wherein the MXene composition comprises a composition having an empirical formula selected from the group consisting of Ti 2 C, V 2 C, Cr 2 C, Nb 2 C, Ta 2 C, Ti 3 C 2 , V 3 C 2 , Ta 3 C 2 , Ti 4 C 3 , V 4 C 3 , Nb 4 C 3 , Ta 4 C 3 , Mo 2 TiC 2 , Cr 2 TiC 2 , Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 , and any combination thereof.

7 . The electrochemical cell of claim 6 , wherein the MXene composition comprises an expanded MXene composition.

8 . The electrochemical cell as in any of claims 1 - 7 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a room-temperature ionic liquid.

9 . The electrochemical cell of claim 8 , wherein the room-temperature ionic liquid comprises [AlX 4 ] − , [Al 2 X 7 ] − , or any combination thereof and each X is independently selected from Cl or Br.

10 . The electrochemical cell of claim 9 , wherein the room-temperature ionic liquid further comprises a cation comprising a member of the group consisting of an imidazolium cation, a pyridinium cation, an ammonium cation, a piperidinium cation, a pyrrolidinium cation, an alkali cation, an any combination thereof.

11 . The electrochemical cell of claim 10 , wherein X is Cl.

12 . The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the cation comprises 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium.

13 . The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the cation comprises Li + , Na + , K + , or a combination thereof.

14 . The electrochemical cell as in any of claims 1 - 7 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a deep eutectic solvent.

15 . The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the deep eutectic solvent comprises [AlX 4 ] − , [Al 2 X 7 ] − , or any combination thereof and each X is independently selected from Cl or Br.

16 . The electrochemical cell of claim 16 , wherein the deep eutectic solvent further comprises a polar molecule selected from the group consisting of urea, dimethylsulfone, an amide, a glyme, and a combination thereof.

17 . The electrochemical cell of claim 15 or 16 , wherein X is Cl.

18 . A battery comprising an electrochemical cell as in claim 5 .

19 . The battery of claim 18 , wherein the battery is an aluminum battery.

20 . The battery of claim 19 , wherein the anode comprises Al, an Al alloy, a material capable of intercalating Al, or a material capable of alloying with Al.

21 . The batter of any one of claims 18 - 20 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a room-temperature ionic liquid or a deep eutectic solvent.

22 . The battery of claim 21 , wherein the electrolyte comprises [AlX 4 ] − , [Al 2 X 7 ] − , or any combination thereof and each X is independently selected from Cl or Br.

23 . The battery of claim 22 ,
wherein the electrolyte further comprises a cation comprising a member of the group consisting of a imidazolium cation, a pyridinium cation, an ammonium cation, a piperidinium cation, a pyrrolidinium cation, an alkali cation, an any combination thereof or wherein the electrolyte further comprises a polar molecule selected from the group consisting of urea, dimethylsulfone, an amide, a glyme, or a combination thereof.

24 . The battery of any of claims 18 - 23 , wherein the MXene composition comprises a composition having an empirical formula selected from the group consisting of Ti 2 C, V 2 C, Cr 2 C, Nb 2 C, Ta 2 C, Ti 3 C 2 , V 3 C 2 , Ta 3 C 2 , Ti 4 C 3 , V 4 C 3 , Nb 4 C 3 , Ta 4 C 3 , Mo 2 TiC 2 , Cr 2 TiC 2 , Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 , and any combination thereof.

25 . The battery of any one of claims 18 - 24 , wherein the MXene composition comprises an expanded MXene composition.

26 . The battery of any one of claims 18 - 25 , wherein the battery is rechargeable.

27 . The battery of any one of claims 18 - 26 , wherein the battery has a specific discharge capacity of at least 200 mAh/g a current density of 100 mA/g.

28 . The battery of claim 27 , wherein the battery has a specific discharge capacity of at least 300 mAh/g a current density of 100 mA/g.

29 . The battery of any one of claims 18 - 28 , wherein the average discharge voltage is at least 1.0 V vs. A/Al 3+ .

30 . The battery of claim 29 , wherein the average discharge voltage is at least 1.2 V vs. A/Al 3+ .

31 . A method of using a battery, the method comprising discharging a battery as in any one of claims 18 - 30 .

32 . The method of claim 31 further comprising charging the battery.

33 . A method of preparing an MXene composition comprising electrochemically etching a MAX phase composition to remove substantially all of an A-group element.

34 . The method of claim 33 , wherein electrochemically etching the MAX phase composition comprises:
providing an electrochemical cell as in claim 2 and applying a potential to the electrochemical cell for an effective amount of time to prepare a MXene composition have an empirical formula of M n+1 A y X n , wherein y is less than 0.5.

35 . The method of any one of claims 33 - 34 , wherein the A-group element comprises Al.

36 . The method of claim 35 , wherein the MAX phase composition comprises a composition having an empirical formula selected from the group consisting of Ti 2 AlC, V 2 AlC, Cr 2 AlC, Nb 2 AlC, Ta 2 AlC, Ti 3 AlC 2 , V 3 AlC 2 , Ta 3 AlC 2 , Ti 4 AlC 3 , V 4 AlC 3 , Nb 4 AlC 3 , Ta 4 AlC 3 , Mo 2 TiAlC 2 , Cr 2 TiAlC 2 , Mo 2 Ti 2 AlC 3 , and any combination thereof.

37 . The method of claim 36 , wherein the method prepares an MXene composition having an empirical formula selected from the group consisting of

Assignees

• Univ Auburn

Inventors

• Beidaghi Majid
• Vahid Mohammadi Armin

Classifications

• H01M4/58 Primary

  of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates · CPC title

• H01M10/054

  Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium · CPC title

• H01M4/463

  Aluminium based · CPC title

• C01B32/90

  Carbides · CPC title

• H01M10/0569

  characterised by the solvents · CPC title