Methods and systems for solar photovoltaic automatic voltage regulation under extreme weather conditions

Patent metadata

Field	Value
Publication number	US-12461548-B2
Application number	US-202318545724-A
Country	US
Kind code	B2
Filing date	Dec 19, 2023
Priority date	Dec 19, 2023
Publication date	Nov 4, 2025
Grant date	Nov 4, 2025

Abstract

A device, method, and non-transitory computer readable medium for a finite-time sliding mode maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control system for a photovoltaic (PV) array includes a PV array configured to generate a current I pv , a pulse width modulator (PWM) connected to receive the current I PV and a voltage. The PWM is configured to execute a perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm and generate a maximum power point signal. The maximum power point signal is configured to modulate DC voltage V dc according to a duty cycle D defined by the P&O algorithm. The MPPT control system includes a finite time sliding mode controller (FTSMC) configured to receive the I PV and a voltage and generate a reactive power control signal U q . The FTSMC includes a particle swarm optimization to determine and apply optimum gain parameters to FTSMC to generate reactive power control signal U q and minimize voltage error signals for each phase.

First claim

The invention claimed is:

1 . A finite-time sliding mode maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control system for a photovoltaic (PV) array, comprising:
a PV array having a positive terminal and a negative terminal, wherein the photovoltaic array is configured to generate a current I pv at the positive terminal; a boost converter including a first capacitor in parallel with the PV array and an inductor having a first end connected to the positive terminal; a metal oxide silicon field effect transistor (MOSFET) having a source terminal connected to a second end of the inductor and a drain terminal connected to the negative terminal, wherein a body terminal of the MOSFET is configured to generate a DC voltage V dc when the MOSFET is switched ON; a pulse width modulator (PWM) connected to receive the current I PV and a voltage across the first capacitor at a set of PWM input terminals, wherein the PWM includes a PWM processor configured to execute a perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm and generate a maximum power point signal at a PWM output terminal, wherein the PWM output terminal is connected to a gate of the MOSFET, wherein the a maximum power point signal is configured to modulate the DC voltage V dc according to a duty cycle D defined by the P&O algorithm; a second capacitor in parallel with the MOSFET, wherein the second capacitor is configured to charge during a positive phase of the duty cycle D to the voltage V dc and discharge during a negative phase of the duty cycle D; an inverter in parallel with the second capacitor, wherein the inverter is configured to generate three phase voltage signals; a point of common coupling (PCC) connected to the inverter to receive the three phase voltage signals; an electrical grid connected to the PCC, wherein the electrical grid is configured to convert the three phase voltage signals to three phase current signals and calculate three phase voltage error signals by subtracting a grid voltage at each phase from a reference voltage signal; a first direct to quadrature transformer configured to receive the three phase current signals and convert the three phase current signals to direct current signals and quadrature current signals; a second direct to quadrature transformer configured to receive the three phase voltage error signals and convert the three phase voltage error signals to direct voltage error signals and quadrature voltage error signals; a DC voltage controller configured to receive the direct current signals, the quadrature current signals, the direct voltage error signals and the quadrature voltage error signals and generate a direct power control signal U d ; a finite time sliding mode controller (FTSMC) having at a set of FTSMC input terminals configured to receive the current I PV and a voltage across the second capacitor and generate a reactive power control signal U q , wherein the FTSMC includes a memory having program instructions for performing a particle swarm optimization and at least one FTSMC processor configured to execute the particle swarm optimization to determine optimum gain parameters of the FTSMC during an offline mode of the FTSMC and to apply the optimum gain parameters to the FTSMC to generate the reactive power control signal U q during an online mode; and a voltage source controller configured to receive the reactive power control signal U q and the direct power control signal U d and generate a set of timing signals configured to operate the inverter, wherein the finite-time sliding mode MPPT control system is configured to minimize the voltage error signals for each phase.

2 . The finite-time sliding mode MPPT control system of claim 1 , wherein the inverter comprises:
a first NPN bipolar transistor connected at a collector terminal to the positive terminal of the second capacitor and at an emitter terminal to a collector terminal of a second NPN bipolar transistor, wherein an emitter terminal of the second NPN bipolar transistor is connected to the negative terminal, wherein a base terminal of the first NPN bipolar transistor and a base terminal of the second NPN bipolar transistor are connected to receive a first timing signal of the set of timing signals; a third NPN bipolar transistor connected at a collector terminal to a positive terminal of the second capacitor and at an emitter terminal to a collector terminal of a fourth NPN bipolar transistor, wherein an emitter terminal of the fourth NPN bipolar transistor is connected to the negative terminal, wherein a base terminal of the third NPN bipolar transistor and a base terminal of the fourth NPN bipolar transistor are connected to receive a second timing signal of the set of timing signals; and a fifth NPN bipolar transistor connected at a collector terminal to the positive terminal of the second capacitor and at an emitter terminal to a collector terminal of a sixth NPN bipolar transistor, wherein an emitter terminal of the sixth NPN bipolar transistor is connected to the negative terminal, wherein a base terminal of the fifth NPN bipolar transistor and a base terminal of the sixth NPN bipolar transistor are connected to receive a third timing signal of the set of timing signals, wherein each of the first NPN bipolar transistor, the second NPN bipolar transistor, the third NPN bipolar transistor, the fourth NPN bipolar transistor, the fifth NPN bipolar transistor and the sixth NPN bipolar transistor includes a reverse biased diode connected between its collector terminal and emitter terminal.

3 . The finite-time sliding mode MPPT control system of claim 2 , further comprising:
a first phase inverter output transmission line including a first output inductor in series with a first output resistor, wherein the first phase inverter output transmission line is connected between the emitter terminal of the first NPN bipolar transistor and the collector terminal of the second NPN bipolar transistor, wherein the first phase inverter output transmission line is connected to a first phase port of the PCC; a second phase inverter output transmission line including a second output inductor in series with a second output resistor, wherein the second phase inverter output transmission line is connected between the emitter terminal of the third NPN bipolar transistor and the collector terminal of the fourth NPN bipolar transistor, wherein the second phase inverter output transmission line is connected to a second phase port of the PCC; and a third phase inverter output transmission line including a third output inductor with a third output resistor, wherein the third phase inverter output transmission line is connected between the emitter terminal of the fifth NPN bipolar transistor and the collector terminal of the sixth NPN bipolar transistor, wherein the third phase inverter output transmission line is connected to a third phase port of the PCC.

4 . The finite-time sliding mode MPPT control system of claim 3 , wherein the electrical grid further comprises:
a first phase grid transmission line connected to the first phase port of the PCC, wherein the first phase grid transmission line includes a first grid inductor in series with a first grid resistor, wherein the first phase grid voltage is a voltage across the first grid resistor; a second phase grid transmission line connected to the second phase port of the PCC, wherein the second phase grid transmission line includes a second grid inductor in series with a second grid resistor, wherein the second phase grid voltage is a voltage across the second grid resistor; and a third phase grid transmission line connected to the third phase port of the PCC, wherein the third phase grid transmission line includes a third grid inductor in series with a third grid resistor, wherein the third phase grid voltage is a voltage across the third g

Assignees

• Univ King Fahd Pet & Minerals
• Saudi Data And Artificial Intelligence Authority Sdaia

Inventors

• Gulzar Muhammad Majid
• Khalid Muhammad

Classifications

• G05F1/70

  Regulating power factor; Regulating reactive current or power · CPC title

• Y02E10/56

  Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers · CPC title

• G05F1/67 Primary

  to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell · CPC title