Methods providing distributed temperature and strain measurements and related sensors

Patent metadata

Field	Value
Publication number	US-12436043-B2
Application number	US-202318474855-A
Country	US
Kind code	B2
Filing date	Sep 26, 2023
Priority date	Sep 29, 2022
Publication date	Oct 7, 2025
Grant date	Oct 7, 2025

Abstract

Methods providing distributed temperature and strain measurements are disclosed. Brillouin pump laser pulses having a Brillouin pump frequency are coupled into a first end of an optical fiber. Brillouin Stokes and Anti-Stokes probe laser beams are coupled into a second end of the fiber. The Stokes probe laser beam has a Stokes probe frequency. The Anti-Stokes probe laser beam has an Anti-Stokes probe frequency. The Stokes and Anti-Stokes probe frequencies and the pump frequency are included in a Brillouin frequency band. A train of Rayleigh seed pulses are coupled into the fiber. Each of the seed pulses of the train has a respective different frequency included in a Rayleigh frequency band. Frequencies of the Brillouin frequency band are coupled to a Brillouin detector, and Rayleigh backscatter signals are coupled to a Rayleigh detector. Brillouin and Rayleigh detector outputs are used to calculate the measurements. Related sensors are also disclosed.

First claim

The invention claimed is:

1. A method providing temperature measurements and strain measurements distributed along an optical fiber having a first end and a second end, the method comprising:
coupling a plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses into a first end of the optical fiber, wherein each of the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses has a Brillouin pump frequency;
coupling Brillouin Stokes and Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beams into the second end of the optical fiber, wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe laser beam has a Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beam has a Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and the Brillouin pump frequency are included in a Brillouin frequency band;
coupling a plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of a Rayleigh seed pulse train into the optical fiber, wherein each of the plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of the Rayleigh seed pulse train has a respective different frequency included in a Rayleigh frequency band, and wherein the Brillouin and Rayleigh frequency bands are mutually exclusive;
coupling frequencies included in the Brillouin frequency band from the first end of the optical fiber to a Brillouin detector;
coupling Rayleigh backscatter signals included in the Rayleigh frequency band from the optical fiber to a Rayleigh detector;
calculating the strain measurements and the temperature measurements at different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on outputs from the Brillouin detector and based on outputs from the Rayleigh detector.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses comprises first and second Brillouin pump laser pulses having orthogonal polarization states, wherein the first and second Brillouin pump laser pulses are coupled into the first end of the optical fiber during a period of time between coupling an initial and a final of the Rayleigh seed pulses so that each of the strain and temperature measurements is calculated for at least a portion of the period of time between coupling the initial and the final of the Rayleigh seed pulses.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
coupling a Brillouin Stokes local oscillator beam and a Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator beam into the second end of the optical fiber, wherein the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator beam has a Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency offset from the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator beam has a Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency offset from the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency are included in the Brillouin frequency band.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency is between the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency is between the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency is between the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency is between the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the Brillouin detector includes a Stokes photodetector and an Anti-Stokes photodetector, wherein frequencies including the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency are coupled with the Stokes photodetector, wherein frequencies including the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency are coupled with the Anti-Stokes photodetector, and wherein the strain and temperature measurements are calculated based on outputs from the Stokes and Anti-Stokes photodetectors.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses interact with the Brillouin Stokes probe laser beam and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beam in the optical fiber to stimulate Brillouin scattering in the optical fiber, and wherein coupling the frequencies included in the Brillouin frequency band comprises coupling the Brillouin scattering from the first end of the optical fiber to the Brillouin detector.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein alternating ones of the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses have orthogonal polarization states.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses and the Rayleigh seed pulses are provided with a same repetition rate and a same pulse width.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses are coupled into the first end of the optical fiber, and wherein the Rayleigh backscatter signals are coupled from the first end of the fiber to the Rayleigh detector.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein calculating the strain measurements and the temperature measurements comprises,
calculating respective changes in Brillouin frequency shift corresponding to the different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on the outputs from the Brillouin detector,
calculating respective changes in Rayleigh backscattered spectrum corresponding to the different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on the outputs from the Rayleigh detector, and
calculating the strain measurements and the temperature measurements at the different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on the respective changes in Brillouin frequency shift at the different positions and the respective changes in Rayleigh backscattered spectrum at the different positions.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency corresponds to a Brillouin stokes peak and is shifted from the Brillouin pump frequency by the Brillouin frequency defined the optical fiber, and wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency corresponds to a Brillouin anti-stokes peak and is shifted from the Brillouin pump frequency by the Brillouin frequency defined by the optical fiber.

13. A sensor providing temperature measurements and strain measurements, the sensor comprising:
an optical fiber having a first end and a second end;
a Brillouin signal generator configured to generate a plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses, a Brillouin Stokes probe laser beam, and a Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beam, wherein each of the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses has a Brillouin pump frequency, wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe laser beam has a Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beam has a Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and the Brillouin pump frequency are included in a Brillouin frequency band;
a Rayleigh signal generator configured to generate a plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of a Rayleigh seed pulse train, wherein each of the plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of the Rayleigh seed pulse train has a respective different frequency included in a Rayleigh frequency band, and wherein the Brillouin and Rayleigh frequency bands are mutually exclusive;
a first coupler configured to couple the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses and the plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of the Rayleigh seed pulse train into the first end of the optical fiber;
a second coupler configured

Assignees

• Us Gov Sec Navy

Inventors

• Murray Matthew Joseph
• Murray Joseph Brady
• Ogden Hannah Marie
• Redding Brandon F

Classifications

• G01D5/35364

  using inelastic backscattering to detect the measured quantity, e.g. using Brillouin or Raman backscattering · CPC title

• G01K11/322 Primary

  using Brillouin scattering · CPC title

• G01K11/32

  using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres · CPC title

• G01D5/35361 Primary

  using elastic backscattering to detect the measured quantity, e.g. using Rayleigh backscattering · CPC title