Increasing gravimetric capacity in batteries

Patent metadata

Field	Value
Publication number	US-11264638-B2
Application number	US-201816498339-A
Country	US
Kind code	B2
Filing date	Feb 5, 2018
Priority date	Mar 29, 2017
Publication date	Mar 1, 2022
Grant date	Mar 1, 2022

Abstract

A sodium-ion battery includes an electrode having a crystalline active material represented by formula units that intercalate and/or deintercalate more than two charge carriers during operation of the battery. In some instances, the active material that experiences a volume change of less than 6.0%, 4.0%, or even 2.0% when the active material intercalates more than two charge carriers during operation of the battery.

First claim

The invention claimed is:

1. A sodium-ion battery, comprising:
an electrode having a crystalline active material with formula units Na x V 2 -z Q z (PO 4 ) 2 F 3−2y O 2y that intercalates and/or deintercalates an average of more than two charge carriers during operation of the battery, wherein Q does not represent vanadium and is one or more components selected from a group consisting of redox-active metal cations and metalloid cations;
3≤x≤4;
0≤y≤1;
0≤z<2;
when z is 0, x is >3; and
when y is 0, z is >0.

2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein z is 0 and x is >3.

3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the active material is represented by Na 4 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 FO 2 .

4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the active material represented by Na x V 2−z Q z (PO 4 ) 2 F 3−2y O 2y is present in the electrode before the initial charge of the battery.

5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein z is >0.

6. The battery of claim 4 , wherein x is >3.

7. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the active material is represented by Na x V 2−z Al z (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 where 0≤z<2 and 3≤x≤4.

8. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the active material is represented by Na 3 V 2−z Al z (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 with 0≤z<2.

9. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is a positive electrode or a cathode.

10. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the active material multiple octahedral structures that share a common atom,
the formula units each includes multiple screening ions,
each of the screening ions is included in one of the octahedral structures at a vertex opposite from the common atom that is included in the same octahedral structure,
an axis extends between the screening ions in the same formula unit,
more than three sodium charge carriers are located between the octahedral structures and around the axis.

11. The battery of claim 10 , wherein at least one of the screening ions is an oxygen anion (O 2− ).

12. The battery of claim 10 , wherein each of the screening ions is an oxygen anion.

13. The battery of claim 12 , wherein at least one of the octahedral structures has a central atom that is not vanadium and is selected from a group consisting of metals and metalloid cations.

14. The battery of claim 10 , wherein the octahedral structures share only one common atom.

15. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the active material experiences a volume change of less than 6% when intercalating more than two charge carriers.

16. The battery of claim 15 , wherein the active material experiences a volume change of less than 4% when intercalating three charge carriers.

17. A sodium ion battery, comprising: an electrode having an active material represented by Na x V 2−z Q z (PO 4 ) 2 F 3−2y O 2y , wherein
Q is selected from Al, Ga, In, Sn, and Bi;
3≤x≤4;
0≤y≤1;
0≤z<2;
when z is 0, x is >3; and
when y is 0, z is >0.

18. A system, comprising:
a sodium-ion battery comprising an electrode having an active material represented by Na x V 2−z Al z (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 , wherein
0≤z<2;
3≤x≤4; and
electronics for controlling the discharge of the battery such that the battery is discharged to a voltage less than 2.0 V or less than 1.8 V.

19. The sodium-ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrode has an energy density greater than 500 Wh/kg.

Assignees

• Univ California

Inventors

• Bianchini Matteo
• Ceder Gerbrand

Classifications

• H01M10/44

  Methods for charging or discharging (circuits for charging H02J7/00) · CPC title

• Y02E60/10

  Energy storage using batteries · CPC title

• H01M4/5825

  Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines · CPC title

• H01M10/054 Primary

  Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium · CPC title