What is claimed is:
1. A dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle comprising:
a polytetrafluoroethylene particle, and
a dispersant having a fluorine atom,
wherein:
the dispersant is attached to a surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene particle,
a content of perfluorooctanoic acid is from 0.01 ppb to 25 ppb with respect to the dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle, and
the dispersant is a fluorinated alkyl group-containing polymer having a structural unit represented by the following formula (FA) and a structural unit represented by the following formula (FB):
wherein, in the formulae (FA) and (FB):
each of R F1 , R F2 , R F3 and R F4 independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group;
X F1 represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, —S—, —O—, —NH— or a single bond;
Y F1 represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, —C fx H 2fx-1 (OH))— or a single bond;
Q F1 represents —O— or —NH—;
each of fl, fm and fn independently represents an integer of 1 or more;
each of fp, fq, fr and fs independently represents 0 or an integer of 1 or more;
ft represents an integer of 1 to 7; and
fx represents an integer of 1 or more.
2. The dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle has an average particle diameter of from 0.2 μm to 4.5 μm.
3. The dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle as claimed in claim 1 , wherein a content of the dispersant having a fluorine atom is from 0.5% by weight to 10% by weight with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle.
4. The dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the content of the dispersant having a fluorine atom is from 1% by weight to 7% by weight with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle.
5. A composition comprising the dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle as claimed in claim 1 .
6. The composition as claimed in claim 5 , wherein an average particle diameter of the dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle is from 0.2 μm to 4.5 μm.
7. The composition as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the composition is in a liquid state or in a solid state.
8. The composition as claimed in claim 5 , wherein a content of the dispersant having a fluorine atom is from 0.5% by weight to 10% by weight with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle.
9. The composition as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the content of the dispersant having a fluorine atom is from 1% by weight to 7% by weight with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle.
10. A layered material comprising the dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle as claimed in claim 1 .
11. The layered material as claimed in claim 10 , wherein an average particle diameter of the dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle is from 0.2 μm to 4.5 μm.
12. The layered material as claimed in claim 10 , wherein a content of the dispersant having a fluorine atom is from 0.5% by weight to 10% by weight with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle.
13. The layered material as claimed in claim 12 , wherein the content of the dispersant having a fluorine atom is from 1% by weight to 7% by weight with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle.
14. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, wherein an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is a layer comprising the layered material as claimed in claim 10 .
15. The electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the outermost surface layer is a surface protective layer having a crosslinked structure.
16. A process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the process cartridge is detachably attached to an image forming apparatus.
17. An image forming apparatus comprising:
the electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 15 ,
a charging unit that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor,
an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor,
a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor using a developer containing a toner to form a toner image, and
a transfer unit that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium.
18. A process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the process cartridge is detachably attached to an image forming apparatus.
19. An image forming apparatus comprising:
the electrophotographic photoreceptor as claimed in claim 14 ,
a charging unit that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor,
an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor,
a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor using a developer containing a toner to form a toner image, and
a transfer unit that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium.
20. A dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle comprising:
a polytetrafluoroethylene particle, and
a dispersant having a fluorine atom,
wherein:
the dispersant is attached to a surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene particle,
a content of perfluorooctanoic acid is from 0 ppb to 25 ppb with respect to the dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle, and
the dispersant is a fluorinated alkyl group-containing polymer having a structural unit represented by the following formula (FA) and a structural unit represented by the following formula (FB):
wherein, in the formulae (FA) and (FB):
each of R F1 , R F2 , R F3 and R F4 independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group;
X F1 represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, —S—, —O—, —NH— or a single bond;
Y F1 represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, —C fx H 2fx-1 (OH))— or a single bond;
Q F1 represents —O— or —NH—;
each of fl, fm and fn independently represents an integer of 1 or more;
each of fp, fq, fr and fs independently represents 0 or an integer of 1 or more;
ft represents an integer of 1 to 7; and
fx represents an integer of 1 or more.
